Design of HPCF with nearly zero flattened Chromatic Dispersion

Here we have consider an air-silica honeycomb lattice and demonstrate a new approach to the formation of a core defect. The honeycomb lattice has recently been suggested for the formation of a photonic band-gap guiding silica-core. Here we discuss how a core defect can be formed by manipulating the cladding region rather than the core region itself. There are so many difficulties occur during the design process. Because when parameters are being changed the designing varies accordingly. For this purpose we have use HPCF in scalar effective index method (SEIM) and consider chromatic dispersion of HPCF for having air hole diameter 1.0 micro.m, and pitch 2.0 micro.m. The maximum pitch can be consider as 5.0 micro.m and air hole diameter is 9.0 micro.m. Transparent boundary condition (TBC) is proposed here for the calculation of Refractive index of HPCF

Reversible Full Adder Gate using Nano-technology

Volume 1 Issue 2 (April 2013

Performance Analysis of MS Patch Antenna with EBG structure

A Microstrip patch antenna design is characterized and optimized using HFSS antenna simulation software. In this thesis we will see the effects of EBG structures with Microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip patch antennas became very popular because of ease of analysis and fabrication, and their attractive radiation characteristics. But also, they have some drawbacks of low efficiency, narrow bandwidth and surface wave losses. We will discuss only about surface waves and its losses. In order to overcome this limitation, EBG (Electromagnetic Band gap) Structures are inserted in the Microstrip Patch Antenna and due to this MS Antenna performance is improved. These periodic structures have the unique property of preventing the propagation of electromagnetic waves for specific frequencies and directions. The aim of this project is to design and simulate the new EBG structures operating at 2.4GHz resonant frequency and study the performance of the rectangular Microstrip patch antenna with and without EBG structure. The substrate material is changed from RT Duroid (material in nominal HFSS design) to FR4 due to lower cost and availability. The operating frequency is changed from 2.3GHz (specified in nominal HFSS design) to 2.4GHz for wireless communication applications. Required dimensional adjustments when changing substrate materials and operating frequencies for this antenna are non-trivial and the new design procedure is used to tune the antenna. The experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions. The results show that the new design procedure can be successfully applied to Microstrip patch antenna design

Consumption pattern and consumer preference for value- added fish and fish products in north zone of India

Present paper attempts to analyze consumption pattern and consumer preferences towards value-added fish and fish products in north zone of India. Results reveal that socio economic variables affect consumption of value-added fish and fish products. A total of 49 percent respondents were of middle age group (35 t050 years). All were literates except 7 percent from the rural area. All were purchasing fish at least once in 15 days. A total of 90 percent respondents in rural, 77 percent in semi urban and 50 percent in urban area were unaware of value-added fish and fish products. About 10 percent of respondents had consumed it, out of which most were from urban area. Demand analysis by Cobb Douglas (CD) Demand function; revealed that when price of fish, price of the substitutes, income of family and family size were used as independent variables, variation in demand offish explained by CD Demand function was about 39 percent in urban area, 24 percent in semi urban area and 22 percent in rural area. From Garette ranking technique major problems in fish consumption found were irregular supply, lack of fresh fish, high price and presence of bones in fish. While lack of awareness, unavailability, no preference and unacceptable taste were major problems for consumption of value-added fish and fish product

Political Dimension of Indian Federal System: an Evaluation

Indian federalism is a blend of formation of federations of both the existing modes of federations The prevailing situations at the juncture in the country forced the Constituent Assembly to make India a federation with the strong central government. The constitution makes adequate provisions for a true federation to meet out all the exigencies. In practice, it reflects both federal and unitary governments\u27 features as per the demand of the situations and has experienced, the bitter taste of emergency and coalition government. The decisions of the Hon\u27ble Supreme Court also contributed to clearing the grey areas. Undoubtedly, the constitution is a fundamental document to provide the guidelines and limits to government. Its success and applicability ultimately depend upon the mental make-up, honesty, and commitment of the persons at the helm of the affairs. The present write-up comprises of salient features of Indian federation, its historical profile, and the concluding remarks

Study of impairment in collaboration between ceruloplasmin and transferrin in development of complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Hyperglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the levels of free radicals through various metabolic alterations. One of the most reactive pro-oxidants in peroxidation reactions is free, redox-active iron and generates highly reactive hydroxyl radicals that initiate lipid peroxidation. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the role of CP and TRF in type 2 DM and analyse the effect of disturbance in collaboration between these parameters in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetic complications.Methods: We included 100 Type 2 DM subjects (with and without complications) and 100 healthy controls. The duration of type 2 DM in study subjects ranged from 5 to 16 years.  Blood samples in fasting condition were collected for analysis of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), CP and TRF.Results: In the study serum CP levels were higher in Type 2 diabetic subjects with complications compared to diabetic subjects without complications (P=0.01). However, significantly low transferrin values were obtained in diabetic subjects with complications compared to diabetic subjects without complications (P=0.007). Significantly high MDA levels were observed (P=0.002) in type 2 diabetic subjects with complications compared to type 2 diabetic subjects without complications.Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate oxidative stress plays a role in precipitating complications in Type 2 DM reflecting in disturbance of CP and TRF collaboration.

Push-out bond strength of different endodontic obturation material at three different sites : in-vitro study

The key to success of any root canal therapy is adequate obturation of the prepared root canal space. Root canal sealers are not dimensionally stable and might dissolve partially over a period of time. The objective of this in vitro study is to evaluate the push-out bond strength to intraradicular dentin of two endodontic obturation materials. Forty extracted single rooted permanent teeth were used. Canals orifice was explored, teeth were instrumented. The samples were divided into two groups each containing twenty specimens obturated with different obturation material (Group1 Epiphany/Resilon and Group 2 Gutta Percha/AH Plus).The obturation systems used in this study was Element Obturation unit (Sybron Endo). Each tooth root was horizontally sectioned in approximately 2-mm thick slices from the coronal 1/3rd, middle 1/3rd and apical 1/3rd. The push-out bond strength of each specimen was calculated using Universal Testing Machine. The statistical analysis was done using two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tukey?s test. There was significant difference between push out bond strength of Resilon/Epiphany and AH Plus/Gutta Percha. Gutta percha group was superior with push out bond strength of 2.22 (± 0.16) Mpa in comparison to Resilon/Epiphany group with 1.61 (±0.14) Mpa (p<0.001). The interfacial bond strength achieved with Resilon/Epiphany self-etch (SE) to intraradicular dentine was not superior to that of AH Plus/Gutta Percha

A Survey of Digital Watermarking Techniques

Volume 1 Issue 6 (August 2013